Molecular diversity analysis of Tetradium ruticarpum (WuZhuYu) in China based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers / 中国天然药物

"Wu zhu yu", which is obtained from the dried unripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Jussieu) T. G. Hartley, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of headaches, abdominal colic, and hypertension for thousands of years. The present study was designed to assess the molecular genetic diversity among 25 collected accessions of T. ruticarpum (Wu zhu yu in Chinese) from different areas of China, based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Thirteen ISSR primers generated 151 amplification bands, of which 130 were polymorphic. Out of 165 bands that were amplified using 10 iPBS primers, 152 were polymorphic. The iPBS markers displayed a higher proportion of polymorphic loci (PPL = 92.5%) than the ISSR markers (PPL = 84.9%). The results showed that T. ruticarpum possessed high loci polymorphism and genetic differentiation occurred in this plant. The combined data of iPBS and ISSR markers scored on 25 accessions produced five clusters that approximately matched the geographic distribution of the species. The results indicated that both iPBS and ISSR markers were reliable and effective tools for analyzing the genetic diversity in T. ruticarpum.

Molecular diversity analysis of Tetradium ruticarpum (WuZhuYu) in China based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers / 中国天然药物

"Wu zhu yu", which is obtained from the dried unripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Jussieu) T. G. Hartley, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of headaches, abdominal colic, and hypertension for thousands of years. The present study was designed to assess the molecular genetic diversity among 25 collected accessions of T. ruticarpum (Wu zhu yu in Chinese) from different areas of China, based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Thirteen ISSR primers generated 151 amplification bands, of which 130 were polymorphic. Out of 165 bands that were amplified using 10 iPBS primers, 152 were polymorphic. The iPBS markers displayed a higher proportion of polymorphic loci (PPL = 92.5%) than the ISSR markers (PPL = 84.9%). The results showed that T. ruticarpum possessed high loci polymorphism and genetic differentiation occurred in this plant. The combined data of iPBS and ISSR markers scored on 25 accessions produced five clusters that approximately matched the geographic distribution of the species. The results indicated that both iPBS and ISSR markers were reliable and effective tools for analyzing the genetic diversity in T. ruticarpum.

Chemical Constituents from Buddleja officinalis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the flower buds and inflorescences of Buddleja officinalis. METHODS: Various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography were used in this experiment. RESULTS: Sixteen compounds were isolated from the medicinal plant, and their structures were identified as follows acacetin(1), apigenin(2), luteolin(3), acacetin-7-O-glucoside(4), cosmosiin(5), luteolin-7-O-glucoside(6), acacetin-7-O-glucuronide(7), apigenin-7-O-glucuronide(8), linarin(9), luteolin-7-O-rutinoside(10), neobudofficide(11), acteoside(12), crocin III(13), crocin II(14), crocin I(15), and N1, N5, N10-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine(16). CONCLUSION: Compounds 4, 7, 8, 14-16 are obtained from the medicinal plant for the first time, and compounds 7, 8, 14-16 are obtained from Loganiaceae for the first time.

Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of standard ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in high-fat-diet- and streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats / 中国天然药物

The present study aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of standard extract of Bombax ceiba L. leaves (BCE) in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Oral administration of BCE at doses of 70, 140, and 280 mg·kg, to the normal rats and the high-fat-diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2DM rats were carried out. Effects of BCE on blood glucose, body weight, and a range of serum biochemical parameters were tested, and histopathological observation of pancreatic tissues was also performed. HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS/MS analysis indicated that the chemical composition of BCE mainly contained mangiferin, isoorientin, vitexin, isomangiferin, isovitexin, quercetin hexoside, 2'-trans-O-cumaroyl mangiferin, and nigricanside. BCE caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum insulin, and malondialdehyde, and increases in oral glucose tolerance, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and superoxide dismutase in the T2DM model rats. Moreover, considerable pancreatic β-cells protection effect and stimulation of insulin secretion from the remaining pancreatic β-cells could be observed after BCE treatment. The results indicated that BCE exhibited an excellent hypoglycemic activity, and alleviated dyslipidemia which is associated with T2DM. Antioxidant activity and protecting pancreatic β-cells are the possible mechanisms involved in anti-diabetic activity of BCE.

Effects of ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves and its main constituent mangiferin on diabetic nephropathy in mice / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to explore the mechanism by which ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves (BCE) and its main constituent mangiferin (MGF) affect diabetic nephropathy by combating oxidative stress. Oral administration of BCE and MGF to normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were carried out. Fasting blood glucose, 24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were tested, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues were performed. Moreover, mesangial cells were treated with BCE and MGF for 48 h with or without 25 mmol·L of glucose. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and apoptosis analyses were used to investigate their regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. BCE and MGF ameliorated biochemical parameters and restored STZ-induced renal injury in the model mice. In vitro study showed that high glucose stimulation increased oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in mesangial cells. BCE and MGF limited mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) collapse by inhibiting Nox4, mitochondrially bound hexokinase II dissociation, and subsequent ROS production, which effectively reduced oxidative stress, cleaved caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis. Our work indicated that BCE and MGF had protective effects on diabetic caused kidney injury and prevented oxidative stress in mesangial cells by regulation of hexokinase II binding and Nox4 oxidase signaling.

Identification of six species of medicinal Diospyros plants based on leaf macro- and micro-morphology / 中国中药杂志

To establish a method for the identification of five species and one variety of medicinal plants from Diospyros, their leaf veins, epidermis, anatomic and powder characters were observed and compared with macro-morphological and microscopic methods. The results indicated the differences of secondary and tertiary veins among those Diospyros species. The single cell non-glandular hair and glandular hair exist in most species' epidermis while stone cells were only found in the leaf powders of two species. Through the study, the main differences of leaf macro- and micro-morphology of these species were obtained and practical keys were also established, which can provide scientific base not only for identification of these species during their vegetative stages, but also for accuracy authentication of the source of Kaki Folium.

Chemical constituents from rhizomes of Iris germanica / 中国中药杂志

Twenty-one compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris germanica by various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Their structures were established on basis of physical properties, MS and NMR spectroscopic data Their structures were identified as ombuin (1), 5, 3, 3'-trihydroxy-7, 4'-dimethoxyflavanone (2), naringenin (3), cirsiliol-4'-glucoside (4), 3beta, 4'-dihydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyflavonone-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), genistein (6), irilin D (7), muningin (8), 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-6, 3', 5'-trimethoxyisoflavone (9), tectorigenin (10), irigenin (11), tectoridin (12), iridin (13), mangiferin (14), irisxanthone (15), pyroglutamic acid (16), 2, 4', 6-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (17), apocynin (18), androsin (19), beta-sitosterol (20), and daucosterol (21). Among them, compounds 1-9, 16, 17 were obtained from this plant for the first time, compounds 8 and 9 were separated from Iris species for the first time, compounds 1, 4, and 17 were obtained from the family for the first time.

Chemical constitunents of seeds of Oroxylum indicum / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents in the seeds of Oroxylum indicum.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Twenty compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis including NMR and MS.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as oroxin A (1), oroxin B (2), chrysin (3), baicalein (4), quercetin (5), apigenin (6), kaempferol (7), quercetin-3-O-ara-binopyranoside (8), lupeol C9), lup-20 (29)-ene-2alpha,3beta-diol (10), pinosylvin (11), dihydropinosylvin (12), cholest-5-ene-3, 7-diol (13), rengyol (14), isorengyol (15), zarzissine (16), (E) -pinosylvin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (17), adenosine (18), sitosterol (19) and daucosterol (20).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 11-13 and 15-18 were obtained from the genus Oroxylum for the first time, and except compound 18, the remaining 6 compounds were obtained from the family Bignoniaceae for the first time.</p>